市(shi)(shi)(shi)政(zheng)道路是城市(shi)(shi)(shi)發(fa)展的(de)重要組成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)部(bu)分，如今市(shi)(shi)(shi)政(zheng)路網已經基本規(gui)劃完成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，進(jin)入(ru)運營階段，但由(you)于設(she)計考(kao)慮不足，造成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)設(she)計與養護不接軌的(de)問題。BIM技術(shu)是建(jian)筑行(xing)業(ye)升級轉型的(de)新興技術(shu)，能夠(gou)實現(xian)對市(shi)(shi)(shi)政(zheng)工(gong)程(cheng)全生命周期(qi)管(guan)理。以(yi)武漢市(shi)(shi)(shi)某新建(jian)市(shi)(shi)(shi)政(zheng)道路為研究對象，根據該道路設(she)計指標，使用(yong)BIM技術(shu)對市(shi)(shi)(shi)政(zheng)道路進(jin)行(xing)建(jian)模，在施工(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)實現(xian)對該道路的(de)場地布置(zhi)，后(hou)期(qi)運維(wei)階段，使用(yong)BIM技術(shu)完成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)道路的(de)監測與養護。

關鍵詞 BIM技術;市(shi)政道(dao)(dao)路;全生命周期;道(dao)(dao)路養護

中圖分類號(hao)(hao) U412.37 文(wen)獻標識(shi)碼 A 文(wen)章編號(hao)(hao) 2096-8949（2022）09-0163-03

引言

BIM的(de)(de)(de)概念為(wei)建筑信(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)模(mo)型，其主要內涵為(wei)將(jiang)復(fu)雜的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)程信(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)與(yu)(yu)模(mo)型相(xiang)關聯，實(shi)現(xian)(xian)工(gong)(gong)程項(xiang)目的(de)(de)(de)智能(neng)化管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)[1]。市(shi)(shi)政(zheng)(zheng)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)作(zuo)為(wei)城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)之間的(de)(de)(de)運(yun)輸通道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)，主要作(zuo)用為(wei)保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)交通運(yun)行(xing)與(yu)(yu)管(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)連接，在市(shi)(shi)政(zheng)(zheng)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)中，需要考慮道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)與(yu)(yu)管(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)兩方面(mian)問(wen)題，且(qie)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)過程復(fu)雜，易(yi)出(chu)現(xian)(xian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)失誤[2]。BIM技術(shu)(shu)(shu)具有可(ke)視性(xing)、協調性(xing)、模(mo)擬性(xing)以及(ji)優(you)化性(xing)，能(neng)夠(gou)(gou)實(shi)現(xian)(xian)各類信(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)集成(cheng)處理(li)(li)(li)(li)，根據(ju)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)數據(ju)類型設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)置在相(xiang)應(ying)(ying)(ying)組成(cheng)模(mo)型中[3]。將(jiang)BIM技術(shu)(shu)(shu)與(yu)(yu)市(shi)(shi)政(zheng)(zheng)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)工(gong)(gong)程相(xiang)結合(he)具有兩方面(mian)優(you)勢：一方面(mian)，BIM技術(shu)(shu)(shu)能(neng)夠(gou)(gou)為(wei)市(shi)(shi)政(zheng)(zheng)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)與(yu)(yu)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)提(ti)供(gong)可(ke)視化，將(jiang)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)圖紙實(shi)現(xian)(xian)三(san)維表(biao)達，更直觀(guan)的(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)科學性(xing)，更準確地進行(xing)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)方案比選，實(shi)現(xian)(xian)市(shi)(shi)政(zheng)(zheng)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)工(gong)(gong)程的(de)(de)(de)優(you)化設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)，保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)項(xiang)目的(de)(de)(de)正常運(yun)行(xing)。另一方面(mian)，傳統的(de)(de)(de)市(shi)(shi)政(zheng)(zheng)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)將(jiang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)與(yu)(yu)后期(qi)(qi)養(yang)護(hu)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)進行(xing)分離，造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)與(yu)(yu)養(yang)護(hu)不對接，增加了(le)后期(qi)(qi)養(yang)護(hu)費用并且(qie)養(yang)護(hu)效果較差。BIM技術(shu)(shu)(shu)能(neng)夠(gou)(gou)實(shi)現(xian)(xian)對市(shi)(shi)政(zheng)(zheng)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)工(gong)(gong)程全生命周期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)，將(jiang)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)與(yu)(yu)養(yang)護(hu)相(xiang)對接施(shi)行(xing)并行(xing)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)，并且(qie)提(ti)前對整個工(gong)(gong)程的(de)(de)(de)造(zao)(zao)價進行(xing)計(ji)(ji)(ji)算，平衡前期(qi)(qi)建設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)造(zao)(zao)價與(yu)(yu)養(yang)護(hu)造(zao)(zao)價，避(bi)免(mian)建設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)造(zao)(zao)價低，但后期(qi)(qi)養(yang)護(hu)造(zao)(zao)價高的(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況(kuang)[4]。BIM技術(shu)(shu)(shu)在市(shi)(shi)政(zheng)(zheng)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)工(gong)(gong)程中的(de)(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)(ying)用還不完善(shan)，多(duo)用于市(shi)(shi)政(zheng)(zheng)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)與(yu)(yu)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)階段(duan)(duan)，在養(yang)護(hu)階段(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)(ying)用與(yu)(yu)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)較少。該文以武漢(han)市(shi)(shi)某新(xin)建市(shi)(shi)政(zheng)(zheng)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)為(wei)研究對象，根據(ju)該新(xin)建道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)程概況(kuang)，確定具體(ti)參數完成(cheng)市(shi)(shi)政(zheng)(zheng)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)建模(mo)，通過BIM技術(shu)(shu)(shu)在施(shi)工(gong)(gong)階段(duan)(duan)、養(yang)護(hu)階段(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)(ying)用管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)技術(shu)(shu)(shu)，研究BIM技術(shu)(shu)(shu)在市(shi)(shi)政(zheng)(zheng)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)與(yu)(yu)養(yang)護(hu)工(gong)(gong)程中的(de)(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)(ying)用。

1 工程概況

武漢市某新建市政(zheng)道(dao)路(lu)工程為(wei)互通(tong)式立體(ti)交(jiao)叉(cha)設計，按照行車(che)方向(xiang)(xiang)劃(hua)分分為(wei)東(dong)西(xi)路(lu)與南北路(lu)，兩(liang)條(tiao)道(dao)路(lu)采用(yong)平面(mian)交(jiao)叉(cha)，因交(jiao)通(tong)堵(du)塞問題，現進行互通(tong)式立體(ti)交(jiao)叉(cha)設計，新建道(dao)路(lu)設計速度為(wei)60 km/h，設計車(che)道(dao)為(wei)雙向(xiang)(xiang)四(si)車(che)道(dao)。采用(yong)記錄法對兩(liang)條(tiao)道(dao)路(lu)不同方向(xiang)(xiang)的交(jiao)通(tong)量進行調查，調查結果如(ru)表1所示。

根(gen)據表(biao)1交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)量(liang)(liang)調(diao)查(cha)結果得到，南(nan)(nan)北方向(xiang)(xiang)道(dao)(dao)路(lu)的(de)交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)量(liang)(liang)壓力(li)較(jiao)大，日平均交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)量(liang)(liang)達(da)到10 W輛(liang)/天左右(you)(you)，為典型(xing)的(de)城市(shi)主(zhu)干道(dao)(dao)，交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)較(jiao)為擁堵。且(qie)非機動車(che)(che)與(yu)行人(ren)(ren)數(shu)量(liang)(liang)較(jiao)多(duo)，混合式交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)嚴重，易(yi)造(zao)成交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)事故。東西方向(xiang)(xiang)的(de)道(dao)(dao)路(lu)交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)量(liang)(liang)相對于南(nan)(nan)北走(zou)(zou)向(xiang)(xiang)而言，交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)量(liang)(liang)較(jiao)低，日均交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)量(liang)(liang)在6 萬輛(liang)/天左右(you)(you)，非機動車(che)(che)與(yu)行人(ren)(ren)數(shu)量(liang)(liang)較(jiao)少。根(gen)據目(mu)前(qian)該(gai)市(shi)政道(dao)(dao)路(lu)交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)狀況，需要(yao)(yao)對東西、南(nan)(nan)北走(zou)(zou)向(xiang)(xiang)的(de)兩條市(shi)政道(dao)(dao)路(lu)改(gai)變道(dao)(dao)路(lu)交(jiao)叉(cha)形式，由平面(mian)交(jiao)叉(cha)轉變為互(hu)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)式立體交(jiao)叉(cha)，以南(nan)(nan)北方向(xiang)(xiang)道(dao)(dao)路(lu)作為城市(shi)主(zhu)干道(dao)(dao)，設計時(shi)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)考(kao)慮(lv)該(gai)方向(xiang)(xiang)道(dao)(dao)路(lu)交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)量(liang)(liang)的(de)分離與(yu)分流，且(qie)混合式交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)嚴重，交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)事故頻發(fa)，需要(yao)(yao)考(kao)慮(lv)行人(ren)(ren)及非機動車(che)(che)的(de)運行方式。

2 BIM技(ji)術在設計(ji)階段的應用

根據武(wu)漢市(shi)某新建(jian)市(shi)政(zheng)道(dao)(dao)路(lu)(lu)工程概況，解決(jue)原有(you)市(shi)政(zheng)道(dao)(dao)路(lu)(lu)交通堵(du)塞的(de)問題，需要對兩條道(dao)(dao)路(lu)(lu)進行互(hu)通式(shi)立交設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)。互(hu)通式(shi)立交的(de)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)復(fu)雜，需要考慮的(de)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)要素眾多，采用BIM技(ji)術(shu)對市(shi)政(zheng)道(dao)(dao)路(lu)(lu)工程設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)能夠提高設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)效率，保證設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)的(de)準確性。在設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)階(jie)段，BIM技(ji)術(shu)能夠應用于市(shi)政(zheng)道(dao)(dao)路(lu)(lu)工程的(de)地形(xing)識別、平面線形(xing)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)、縱(zong)斷拉坡、道(dao)(dao)路(lu)(lu)平面設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)、橫斷土方計(ji)算等(deng)方面。

2.1 地形識別

對(dui)該市(shi)政道路(lu)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)設計時，首先需要對(dui)地(di)(di)形進(jin)(jin)行(xing)識別。傳統(tong)的識別方式(shi)為(wei)地(di)(di)勘(kan)法，采用測量儀器對(dui)地(di)(di)形進(jin)(jin)行(xing)勘(kan)察，得到地(di)(di)理位(wei)置信息，測量精度低且數(shu)據復雜，不易進(jin)(jin)行(xing)處理。應(ying)用BIM技術進(jin)(jin)行(xing)地(di)(di)形識別時，結(jie)合(he)GIS系統(tong)，第(di)(di)一步(bu)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)目標坐標系的選擇(ze)，該項目選擇(ze)為(wei)“國家2000”，第(di)(di)二步(bu)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)坐標系投影參數(shu)設置，第(di)(di)三步(bu)搜索該市(shi)政道路(lu)所在位(wei)置或(huo)輸入位(wei)置坐標，第(di)(di)四步(bu)生成三維地(di)(di)形地(di)(di)貌，如圖1所示。

2.2 平面線形(xing)設計

平(ping)(ping)面線(xian)(xian)(xian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)設(she)(she)計是市政道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)路(lu)工程設(she)(she)計的(de)重要(yao)內容，根據(ju)市政道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)路(lu)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)特點，南北方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)路(lu)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)量(liang)較(jiao)大且轉(zhuan)(zhuan)向(xiang)(xiang)車輛較(jiao)多，東(dong)西方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)路(lu)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)量(liang)相對(dui)較(jiao)少(shao)，交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)方(fang)式(shi)(shi)簡單，采用上(shang)(shang)下分層(ceng)互(hu)(hu)通(tong)(tong)(tong)式(shi)(shi)立(li)(li)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的(de)方(fang)式(shi)(shi)保證交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)狀況。南北方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)為城市主干道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)，設(she)(she)置于互(hu)(hu)通(tong)(tong)(tong)式(shi)(shi)立(li)(li)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的(de)上(shang)(shang)層(ceng)，東(dong)西方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)路(lu)位于立(li)(li)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)下層(ceng)。根據(ju)立(li)(li)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)設(she)(she)計特點，在使(shi)用BIM技術進行(xing)平(ping)(ping)面線(xian)(xian)(xian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)設(she)(she)計中，可選擇(ze)的(de)立(li)(li)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)有苜蓿(xu)葉形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、鉆石形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)以及(ji)直連型(xing)，匝(za)(za)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)類型(xing)有定向(xiang)(xiang)式(shi)(shi)與(yu)半(ban)定向(xiang)(xiang)式(shi)(shi)。確定互(hu)(hu)通(tong)(tong)(tong)式(shi)(shi)立(li)(li)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)式(shi)(shi)后，在設(she)(she)計軟件中輸入各轉(zhuan)(zhuan)向(xiang)(xiang)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)量(liang)以及(ji)立(li)(li)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，可以進行(xing)平(ping)(ping)面線(xian)(xian)(xian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)設(she)(she)計，設(she)(she)計時需要(yao)考(kao)慮匝(za)(za)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)的(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)彎半(ban)徑(jing)，使(shi)用苜蓿(xu)葉線(xian)(xian)(xian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)可以對(dui)匝(za)(za)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)的(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)彎半(ban)徑(jing)進行(xing)調整，且該互(hu)(hu)通(tong)(tong)(tong)式(shi)(shi)立(li)(li)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)向(xiang)(xiang)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)量(liang)較(jiao)大。根據(ju)BIM技術進行(xing)平(ping)(ping)面線(xian)(xian)(xian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)設(she)(she)計，設(she)(she)計結果(guo)如圖2所示。確定立(li)(li)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)平(ping)(ping)面線(xian)(xian)(xian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為半(ban)苜蓿(xu)葉形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)+半(ban)定向(xiang)(xiang)型(xing)。

2.3 縱斷拉坡

在確定(ding)道路(lu)(lu)互通式(shi)立交平面(mian)線形(xing)為半(ban)苜蓿葉形(xing)+半(ban)定(ding)向(xiang)型(xing)后，需(xu)(xu)要對(dui)道路(lu)(lu)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)縱斷面(mian)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)。在進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)縱斷面(mian)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)時(shi)(shi)，BIM設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)軟(ruan)件根據相關設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)規范(fan)可自動(dong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)成(cheng)縱斷面(mian)，但是自動(dong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)成(cheng)的(de)縱斷面(mian)的(de)坡(po)度(du)需(xu)(xu)要進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)手動(dong)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)。該項目位于武漢市，夏(xia)季雨(yu)水豐富，在進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)坡(po)度(du)設(she)(she)置時(shi)(shi)需(xu)(xu)要考慮(lv)排水需(xu)(xu)求。使用BIM軟(ruan)件進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)縱斷面(mian)拉坡(po)，能(neng)夠(gou)實現坡(po)度(du)的(de)智(zhi)能(neng)化(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)成(cheng)，修改(gai)坡(po)度(du)參數時(shi)(shi)只(zhi)需(xu)(xu)要對(dui)構件信息進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)修改(gai)，修改(gai)信息不滿(man)足(zu)規范(fan)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)時(shi)(shi)，軟(ruan)件不能(neng)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)下一步設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)。縱斷面(mian)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)完成(cheng)后，能(neng)夠(gou)對(dui)土(tu)方量進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)計(ji)(ji)算，導(dao)出(chu)工程(cheng)量表(biao)。

2.4 道路平面設計

道(dao)路(lu)平(ping)(ping)面設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)是(shi)市(shi)政道(dao)路(lu)工(gong)程(cheng)設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)中的(de)重要部分(fen)，使用BIM技術進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)道(dao)路(lu)平(ping)(ping)面設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)可(ke)以(yi)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)多樣化的(de)結合設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)，將綠化景觀設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)與道(dao)路(lu)平(ping)(ping)面進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)統一設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)，生成三(san)維模(mo)(mo)(mo)型。根(gen)(gen)據(ju)工(gong)程(cheng)概(gai)況(kuang)，采用雙向四車(che)道(dao)形式，且設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)速度(du)為60 km/h。在(zai)平(ping)(ping)面線形設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)與縱斷拉坡(po)設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)后(hou)，平(ping)(ping)面設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)根(gen)(gen)據(ju)車(che)道(dao)形式進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)選擇(ze)，軟件自動生成道(dao)路(lu)平(ping)(ping)面圖(tu)，平(ping)(ping)面圖(tu)中包(bao)(bao)括行(xing)(xing)(xing)車(che)道(dao)、中央分(fen)隔帶、人行(xing)(xing)(xing)道(dao)等附屬設(she)(she)(she)(she)施(shi)，根(gen)(gen)據(ju)設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)特點選擇(ze)將立交(jiao)入口處(chu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)車(che)道(dao)寬(kuan)度(du)加寬(kuan)，在(zai)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)時，可(ke)以(yi)隨時檢查(cha)設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)的(de)合理(li)性，在(zai)二維平(ping)(ping)面進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)建模(mo)(mo)(mo)設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)，在(zai)三(san)維設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)中檢查(cha)建模(mo)(mo)(mo)參數準確性，BIM模(mo)(mo)(mo)型庫中包(bao)(bao)含眾(zhong)多綠化植(zhi)物模(mo)(mo)(mo)型可(ke)以(yi)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)，該設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)三(san)維圖(tu)如圖(tu)3所示(shi)。

2.5 橫斷土(tu)方計(ji)算(suan)

BIM技術與傳統(tong)建(jian)(jian)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)軟件的(de)(de)(de)區別主要在(zai)(zai)于模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)信(xin)息(xi)的(de)(de)(de)修改及工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)匯(hui)總表的(de)(de)(de)自動生成(cheng)。該(gai)市政道(dao)路(lu)為新(xin)建(jian)(jian)互通式立交，使用BIM技術能(neng)夠在(zai)(zai)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)階(jie)(jie)段對項目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)土方工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)進(jin)(jin)行計(ji)(ji)(ji)算，對工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價進(jin)(jin)行控制，并且能(neng)夠對路(lu)面鋪裝材料以及路(lu)基進(jin)(jin)行二(er)(er)次設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)。實現(xian)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)與道(dao)路(lu)數據的(de)(de)(de)管(guan)理。在(zai)(zai)道(dao)路(lu)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)建(jian)(jian)立后，保證模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)適用性，可以將(jiang)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)轉(zhuan)化為Revit形(xing)式，便于對該(gai)道(dao)路(lu)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)進(jin)(jin)行管(guan)理，其設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)完成(cheng)后的(de)(de)(de)三維模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)如圖4所(suo)示(shi)。根據該(gai)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)實現(xian)了(le)(le)對道(dao)路(lu)的(de)(de)(de)三維建(jian)(jian)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)，并且在(zai)(zai)組成(cheng)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)每(mei)一個構件中，都存(cun)在(zai)(zai)構件信(xin)息(xi)與二(er)(er)維碼(ma)，可以通過掃(sao)描二(er)(er)維碼(ma)信(xin)息(xi)了(le)(le)解構件情況，實現(xian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)規劃階(jie)(jie)段的(de)(de)(de)可視(shi)化。該(gai)項目(mu)使用BIM技術，在(zai)(zai)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)階(jie)(jie)段完成(cheng)了(le)(le)全過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)，節約了(le)(le)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)時間，降低了(le)(le)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)本，增(zeng)加了(le)(le)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)方案(an)的(de)(de)(de)科(ke)學性與設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)可視(shi)化，能(neng)夠達(da)到(dao)市政道(dao)路(lu)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)要求，更直(zhi)觀地(di)確定(ding)項目(mu)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)結(jie)果。

3 BIM技術(shu)在市(shi)政道路養護過程(cheng)中(zhong)的應用(yong)

BIM技術(shu)不(bu)僅能(neng)夠實現(xian)市(shi)政(zheng)道路設計的(de)可(ke)視化，而且能(neng)夠完(wan)成對(dui)整(zheng)個市(shi)政(zheng)工(gong)程(cheng)項目全生(sheng)命(ming)周期的(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理。在城市(shi)路網日益完(wan)善的(de)背景下(xia)，新(xin)建市(shi)政(zheng)道路的(de)項目逐漸減(jian)少，養護類項目數(shu)量增加。采(cai)用BIM技術(shu)能(neng)夠進行從設計階(jie)(jie)段開始至運(yun)維階(jie)(jie)段為(wei)止(zhi)的(de)全生(sheng)命(ming)周期管(guan)(guan)(guan)理。養護過程(cheng)中主(zhu)要體現(xian)BIM技術(shu)對(dui)建成道路的(de)信息(xi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理，以武漢(han)市(shi)某(mou)新(xin)建市(shi)政(zheng)道路工(gong)程(cheng)模型為(wei)例，研究BIM技術(shu)在路面病害(hai)調查以及養護管(guan)(guan)(guan)理方面的(de)應用。

3.1 BIM技(ji)術在市(shi)政道路路面(mian)病害調查中(zhong)的應用(yong)

BIM技術應用于(yu)路(lu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)病(bing)(bing)(bing)害(hai)(hai)調(diao)查(cha)時(shi)，需要使(shi)用全(quan)自(zi)動檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)車對路(lu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)病(bing)(bing)(bing)害(hai)(hai)進行(xing)(xing)檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)。自(zi)動檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)設備具有掃描(miao)(miao)(miao)功(gong)能，將(jiang)路(lu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)存(cun)在(zai)病(bing)(bing)(bing)害(hai)(hai)進行(xing)(xing)掃描(miao)(miao)(miao)與識別，常見(jian)的路(lu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)病(bing)(bing)(bing)害(hai)(hai)如縱向裂(lie)縫、網裂(lie)、龜裂(lie)以(yi)及車轍等。對路(lu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)病(bing)(bing)(bing)害(hai)(hai)進行(xing)(xing)識別后，將(jiang)掃描(miao)(miao)(miao)結(jie)果上傳至檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)云平(ping)臺。把(ba)該道路(lu)土建模型(xing)以(yi)及管道模型(xing)導入BIM5D綜合(he)管理軟件中，根(gen)(gen)據路(lu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)病(bing)(bing)(bing)害(hai)(hai)掃描(miao)(miao)(miao)結(jie)果，在(zai)云平(ping)臺中建立問題檔(dang)案(an)(an)，將(jiang)路(lu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)病(bing)(bing)(bing)害(hai)(hai)與市政道路(lu)具體位置進行(xing)(xing)關聯，便于(yu)工程(cheng)運維單位進行(xing)(xing)養護(hu)方(fang)案(an)(an)制定。并且路(lu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)病(bing)(bing)(bing)害(hai)(hai)掃描(miao)(miao)(miao)，可以(yi)詳細表(biao)述病(bing)(bing)(bing)害(hai)(hai)的類型(xing)、面(mian)(mian)(mian)積、等級以(yi)及工程(cheng)量清單。養護(hu)單位在(zai)制定相關養護(hu)方(fang)案(an)(an)時(shi)，可以(yi)根(gen)(gen)據路(lu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)病(bing)(bing)(bing)害(hai)(hai)掃描(miao)(miao)(miao)結(jie)果，對路(lu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)狀況進行(xing)(xing)自(zi)動評(ping)定，按照道路(lu)狀況評(ping)定等級，選用相應的養護(hu)方(fang)案(an)(an)，實現路(lu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)病(bing)(bing)(bing)害(hai)(hai)調(diao)查(cha)的簡便性，提高路(lu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)病(bing)(bing)(bing)害(hai)(hai)檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)的精度。

3.2 BIM技術在市政(zheng)道路路面養護(hu)管(guan)理中的應用

市政道路(lu)(lu)路(lu)(lu)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)養(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)影響了道路(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)服務(wu)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)年限，傳統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)道路(lu)(lu)養(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)采用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)對(dui)(dui)(dui)病(bing)害進行(xing)現(xian)場處理的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式，未考慮到對(dui)(dui)(dui)養(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)統一管(guan)(guan)理。造(zao)(zao)成養(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)繁瑣，養(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)低且養(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)造(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)高的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題。采用(yong)(yong)BIM技術(shu)對(dui)(dui)(dui)養(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)實(shi)現(xian)全(quan)方(fang)位(wei)(wei)養(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)，養(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)單位(wei)(wei)制定養(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)計(ji)劃，將(jiang)(jiang)制定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)計(ji)劃與相應的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)養(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)項目相關聯，把養(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)計(ji)劃與道路(lu)(lu)養(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)位(wei)(wei)置(zhi)(zhi)相關聯，關聯后可根據(ju)方(fang)案對(dui)(dui)(dui)養(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)進行(xing)模(mo)擬。BIM5D軟(ruan)(ruan)件能(neng)(neng)夠在三維(wei)模(mo)型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎之(zhi)上實(shi)現(xian)養(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)進度(du)與養(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)造(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)協同管(guan)(guan)理。將(jiang)(jiang)該(gai)(gai)道路(lu)(lu)模(mo)型(xing)導(dao)入相關BIM軟(ruan)(ruan)件中(zhong)，對(dui)(dui)(dui)養(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)，養(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)進度(du)與施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)造(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)進行(xing)模(mo)擬，能(neng)(neng)夠在構(gou)件管(guan)(guan)理模(mo)塊，選中(zhong)養(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)位(wei)(wei)置(zhi)(zhi)查(cha)看相應的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)養(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)措施(shi)(shi)，點擊工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)匯總(zong)功能(neng)(neng)，能(neng)(neng)夠實(shi)現(xian)養(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)查(cha)詢與匯總(zong)，可以單獨查(cha)看某種(zhong)材料使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)，例如瀝青使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)與集料使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)，科學地控制養(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)進度(du)。養(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)完工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)后，對(dui)(dui)(dui)該(gai)(gai)市政道路(lu)(lu)養(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)部位(wei)(wei)進行(xing)二次(ci)檢(jian)(jian)測，檢(jian)(jian)測結果上傳至云(yun)平臺空間，BIM技術(shu)能(neng)(neng)夠將(jiang)(jiang)該(gai)(gai)養(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)進行(xing)存(cun)檔(dang)，避免(mian)紙(zhi)質(zhi)(zhi)文件的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)丟失，形成該(gai)(gai)道路(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)養(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)檔(dang)案，實(shi)現(xian)養(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)科學管(guan)(guan)理與施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。根據(ju)BIM技術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優化性(xing)，能(neng)(neng)夠使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)BIM技術(shu)對(dui)(dui)(dui)養(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成本、進度(du)進行(xing)三維(wei)動態(tai)模(mo)擬，并且對(dui)(dui)(dui)不同專業之(zhi)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)養(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)，如土建工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)與管(guan)(guan)道工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)養(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，能(neng)(neng)進行(xing)碰(peng)撞檢(jian)(jian)查(cha)，避免(mian)養(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不合(he)理性(xing)。

4 結論

綜(zong)上(shang)所述，BIM技(ji)術能夠(gou)(gou)應用于市政道(dao)路(lu)(lu)設計與養(yang)(yang)護的全(quan)過(guo)程管理。以(yi)武漢(han)市某新(xin)建(jian)市政道(dao)路(lu)(lu)為建(jian)模對(dui)象，在(zai)設計階段，研究BIM技(ji)術在(zai)地形(xing)識別(bie)、平面(mian)線形(xing)設計、縱斷(duan)面(mian)設計以(yi)及道(dao)路(lu)(lu)平面(mian)設計方面(mian)的應用，結(jie)果表明采用BIM技(ji)術能夠(gou)(gou)優化市政道(dao)路(lu)(lu)設計，提高(gao)設計效率(lv)。通(tong)過(guo)BIM技(ji)術在(zai)市政道(dao)路(lu)(lu)養(yang)(yang)護過(guo)程中(zhong)的應用，提高(gao)了養(yang)(yang)護工程的科學性，降低(di)了養(yang)(yang)護造(zao)價。